Whether plumbing systems are used at home or at work, each winter brings with it sub-zero temperatures and the risk of frozen pipes and the damage that it can bring.
As soon as the mercury in the thermometer dips below zero, there is the possibility that your pipes might freeze, landing you with a big bill for fixing them, and a mess to clear-up when the temperature rises again and they start to thaw out.
This technical troubleshooting guide looks at closed water systems, highlighting the most common problems that affect such closed heating and chilled water systems. The guide examines the problems of scale, corrosion, foaming and the build-up of bacteria and biofilm in closed loops. It also gives guidance on the selection and application of specialist water treatment chemicals designed to tackle specific issues.
This technical water guide looks at the options for closed system water treatment to protect all types of heating, chilled and cooling water systems. It identifies the three main problems that can cause closed water systems to perform poorly or even fail and what can be done to prevent it happening. The guide looks at what these problems are, what causes them and what can be done to control their impact and maintain thermal performance, save energy, reduce maintenance costs and down-time, and extend plant and equipment life-cycles.
This equipment selection guide reviews the use of closed system filters in closed heating and cooling water systems. The guide looks at the different types of filtration system available, why you should be using one, how they work, understanding temperature and pressure considerations, and the benefits this type of closed loop filtration can deliver. Read more →
Recognising the different types of corrosion in water systems, understanding how and why they occur, and their effect on system metallurgy is an essential stage in the development of any effective water treatment programme for the control of corrosion in steam, cooling and closed systems.
Water Treatment Services offer a range of specialist closed system water testing and laboratory analysis solutions to support BSRIA BG 50/2013 standards.
Our water quality analysis solutions cover a comprehensive range of important microbiological, chemical and physical parameters associated with the operation and maintenance of closed heating, chilled and cooling systems.
It is important that the water used in closed systems should be tested at regular intervals.
Checking for bacterial growth and monitoring the internal water chemistry and physical condition of the water can help to ensure that the system is kept under control and operates as it should.
Regular water analysis helps building services engineers, facilities managers and plant operators to identify potentially damaging water conditions that could cause corrosion, the build-up of scale and unwanted bacterial growth before they become problematic.
The full criteria and guidelines for closed system water analysis is established in the BSRIA 50/2013 publication “Water Treatment for Closed Heating and Cooling Systems”.
The main recommendations dealing with water testing in the BSRIA guidelines state that new heating or cooling systems should be tested between one and three months after commissioning.
It also suggests a more frequent schedule of water testing may be suitable during the first six months.
Our specialist laboratory based closed system water testing solutions for closed-loop heating and cooling systems includes:
With offices in London serving the South and South East England, Manchester (North West), Birmingham (Midlands), Bristol (South East England and Wales), Leeds (North and North East) and Glasgow (Scotland), supported by regional teams of specially trained engineers, water treatment service specialists and technicians we can offer professional, cost effective water testing, in-field sampling and laboratory analysis services across the UK and Internationally.
Contact Water Treatment Services today to learn how our professional laboratory analysis solutions can help improve the performance of your closed heating and cooling systems. To speak with one of our experts call us on 0330 223 31 31 or simply use this button.
There are three main components to our BSRIA closed system water analysis solutions and they are microbiological analysis, physical and chemical analysis.
Our comprehensive suite of closed system analysis tests includes for the following:
Microbiological analysis will test for bacteria commonly found in closed systems, and which can cause problems if left to proliferate.
Chemical analysis of the water in closed systems involves an examination of the levels of various parameters of the system water including metals and other substances.
We will also review a number of key physical parameters as part of our investigations.
Tests include a visual inspection of the water, checking pH levels, and analysing the concentrations of minerals such as copper, iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, phosphates, silicates, potassium, aluminium and sodium.
Other tests can be carried out as required.
When a new heating or cooling system is first charged, the water used for filling the tanks will usually be taken directly from the mains water supply.
Therefore, the closed system will contain the same levels of bacteria and minerals as are found in mains water.
These levels, particularly the mineral components are not the same across the country and will depend on both geography and where the water is drawn from.
Additionally, the expected levels of bacteria in mains water can typically be anywhere between 10 and 100 cfu per ml of water.
There are many different types of bacteria found in mains water. Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Citrobacter might be found but are very unlikely to live and grow within a closed system.
However, as they die off, they can provide a food source for other types of bacteria.
Other species of bacteria which might cause problems in closed heating and cooling systems include Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acineobacter and Aeromonas.
These types of bacteria rarely grow into sufficient numbers to cause problems in a drinking water supply.
However, in a closed system they can quickly form slime and cause biofilm to form on internal system surfaces including pipework, pumps and heat exchangers.
Iron, sulphite oxidising bacteria and sulphite reducing bacteria are also sometimes present in mains water.
Iron bacteria feeds off anything ferrous, and can be a cause of corrosion.
Red, orange or yellow coloured water is often a clear sign that iron bacteria is present.
A black slime in the system is a signal that sulphite oxidising bacteria are present. If a foul smell is present in addition to the slime, the problem may be sulphite reducing bacteria.
This type of bacteria is highly corrosive and can cause serious damage.
When a new closed system is first commissioned and brought in to service, slime or biofilm forming bacteria is often the first type to take root.
It can coat surfaces with layers of biofilm, which then provide a “hide-out” for other bacteria to start to grow too.
Soon, as the bacteria begins to build-up it will start to have an impact on the thermal efficiency and general operation of the closed heating or cooling system.
The layers of bacteria act as an insulation restricting heat transfer efficiencies and also affect the hydrology.
If the biofilm is allowed to grow unchecked, the oxygen levels within the system will become depleted.
This in turn allows the growth of potentially damaging bacteria which don’t need oxygen to thrive, such as the sulphite reducing bacteria (SRB).
If water levels in a closed system need to be occasionally topped up with water from an open header tank, then the number of bacteria can be even higher.
This is due to the way in which the water is being stored.
If bacteria is not dealt with correctly using specialist closed system water treatment chemicals called biocides, then eventually the entire system may fail… at best its reliability and thermal effectiveness will be compromised.
It is equally important to treat the system correctly.
Some of the chemicals commonly used to treat water can actually become a bacteria foodstuff if it is not added at the right concentration.
There are no hard and fast rules about how often the water sampling of closed systems should be carried out.
The frequency will often depend on the design of the system, whether water quality problems are suspected and its life-cycle stage.
Whatever the type of system (heating, chilled or cooling) or its age, operators should have a detailed plan for the sampling and analysis of the water inside the closed system.
The plan should be reviewed frequently as requirements change.
When preparing a sampling plan for closed system water testing, operators should refer to the guidelines produced by both the British Standards Institute (BSI) and the Building Services Research and Information Association (BSRIA).
Appropriate safety precautions should also be followed during the sampling procedures.
Although you will need someone within the organisation to take the samples of water from the closed system, it is unlikely you will have access to the type of specialist laboratory facilities required to carry-out the range of micro and chemical tests specified by BSRIA 50/2015.
Closed system water analysis of this nature is best carried out by the specialists such as Water Treatment Services.
Once a suitable sampling point has been identified it should be thoroughly flushed before taking any water samples.
The water samples, once collected should be suitably referenced, timed and dated so they can be identified, they should then be sent to the laboratory for analysis.
Once the full suite of water tests has been completed you will receive a report detailing the results.
As part of the sampling process there should also be a system for recording and tracking results to allow for comparison over time.
In addition to closed system testing for bacteria which can corrode heating and cooling systems, our laboratories can also check for legionella, metals and other contaminants where these are of concern.
Contact Water Treatment Services today to find out more about ourBSRIA closed system water testing and laboratory analysis services for the pro-active management of closed heating, chilled and cooling installations.
With offices in London serving the South and South East England, Manchester (North West), Birmingham (Midlands), Bristol (South East England and Wales), Leeds (North and North East) and Glasgow (Scotland), supported by regional teams of specialists we can offer professional, cost effective water treatment solutions across the whole of the UK and Internationally.
Contact us today for more information or for your FREE, no obligation quote.
More information about closed system water treatment services … here →
Whether plumbing systems are used at home or at work, each winter brings with it sub-zero temperatures and the risk of frozen pipes and the damage that it can bring.
As soon as the mercury in the thermometer dips below zero, there is the possibility that your pipes might freeze, landing you with a big bill for fixing them, and a mess to clear-up when the temperature rises again and they start to thaw out.
This technical troubleshooting guide looks at closed water systems, highlighting the most common problems that affect such closed heating and chilled water systems. The guide examines the problems of scale, corrosion, foaming and the build-up of bacteria and biofilm in closed loops. It also gives guidance on the selection and application of specialist water treatment chemicals designed to tackle specific issues.
This technical water guide looks at the options for closed system water treatment to protect all types of heating, chilled and cooling water systems. It identifies the three main problems that can cause closed water systems to perform poorly or even fail and what can be done to prevent it happening. The guide looks at what these problems are, what causes them and what can be done to control their impact and maintain thermal performance, save energy, reduce maintenance costs and down-time, and extend plant and equipment life-cycles.
This equipment selection guide reviews the use of closed system filters in closed heating and cooling water systems. The guide looks at the different types of filtration system available, why you should be using one, how they work, understanding temperature and pressure considerations, and the benefits this type of closed loop filtration can deliver. Read more →
Recognising the different types of corrosion in water systems, understanding how and why they occur, and their effect on system metallurgy is an essential stage in the development of any effective water treatment programme for the control of corrosion in steam, cooling and closed systems.
Water Treatment Services offer a range of specialist closed system water testing and laboratory analysis solutions to support BSRIA BG 50/2013 standards.
Our water quality analysis solutions cover a comprehensive range of important microbiological, chemical and physical parameters associated with the operation and maintenance of closed heating, chilled and cooling systems.
It is important that the water used in closed systems should be tested at regular intervals.
Checking for bacterial growth and monitoring the internal water chemistry and physical condition of the water can help to ensure that the system is kept under control and operates as it should.
Regular water analysis helps building services engineers, facilities managers and plant operators to identify potentially damaging water conditions that could cause corrosion, the build-up of scale and unwanted bacterial growth before they become problematic.
The full criteria and guidelines for closed system water analysis is established in the BSRIA 50/2013 publication “Water Treatment for Closed Heating and Cooling Systems”.
The main recommendations dealing with water testing in the BSRIA guidelines state that new heating or cooling systems should be tested between one and three months after commissioning.
It also suggests a more frequent schedule of water testing may be suitable during the first six months.
Our specialist laboratory based closed system water testing solutions for closed-loop heating and cooling systems includes:
With offices in London serving the South and South East England, Manchester (North West), Birmingham (Midlands), Bristol (South East England and Wales), Leeds (North and North East) and Glasgow (Scotland), supported by regional teams of specially trained engineers, water treatment service specialists and technicians we can offer professional, cost effective water testing, in-field sampling and laboratory analysis services across the UK and Internationally.
Contact Water Treatment Services today to learn how our professional laboratory analysis solutions can help improve the performance of your closed heating and cooling systems. To speak with one of our experts call us on 0330 223 31 31 or simply use this button.
There are three main components to our BSRIA closed system water analysis solutions and they are microbiological analysis, physical and chemical analysis.
Our comprehensive suite of closed system analysis tests includes for the following:
Microbiological analysis will test for bacteria commonly found in closed systems, and which can cause problems if left to proliferate.
Chemical analysis of the water in closed systems involves an examination of the levels of various parameters of the system water including metals and other substances.
We will also review a number of key physical parameters as part of our investigations.
Tests include a visual inspection of the water, checking pH levels, and analysing the concentrations of minerals such as copper, iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, phosphates, silicates, potassium, aluminium and sodium.
Other tests can be carried out as required.
When a new heating or cooling system is first charged, the water used for filling the tanks will usually be taken directly from the mains water supply.
Therefore, the closed system will contain the same levels of bacteria and minerals as are found in mains water.
These levels, particularly the mineral components are not the same across the country and will depend on both geography and where the water is drawn from.
Additionally, the expected levels of bacteria in mains water can typically be anywhere between 10 and 100 cfu per ml of water.
There are many different types of bacteria found in mains water. Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Citrobacter might be found but are very unlikely to live and grow within a closed system.
However, as they die off, they can provide a food source for other types of bacteria.
Other species of bacteria which might cause problems in closed heating and cooling systems include Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acineobacter and Aeromonas.
These types of bacteria rarely grow into sufficient numbers to cause problems in a drinking water supply.
However, in a closed system they can quickly form slime and cause biofilm to form on internal system surfaces including pipework, pumps and heat exchangers.
Iron, sulphite oxidising bacteria and sulphite reducing bacteria are also sometimes present in mains water.
Iron bacteria feeds off anything ferrous, and can be a cause of corrosion.
Red, orange or yellow coloured water is often a clear sign that iron bacteria is present.
A black slime in the system is a signal that sulphite oxidising bacteria are present. If a foul smell is present in addition to the slime, the problem may be sulphite reducing bacteria.
This type of bacteria is highly corrosive and can cause serious damage.
When a new closed system is first commissioned and brought in to service, slime or biofilm forming bacteria is often the first type to take root.
It can coat surfaces with layers of biofilm, which then provide a “hide-out” for other bacteria to start to grow too.
Soon, as the bacteria begins to build-up it will start to have an impact on the thermal efficiency and general operation of the closed heating or cooling system.
The layers of bacteria act as an insulation restricting heat transfer efficiencies and also affect the hydrology.
If the biofilm is allowed to grow unchecked, the oxygen levels within the system will become depleted.
This in turn allows the growth of potentially damaging bacteria which don’t need oxygen to thrive, such as the sulphite reducing bacteria (SRB).
If water levels in a closed system need to be occasionally topped up with water from an open header tank, then the number of bacteria can be even higher.
This is due to the way in which the water is being stored.
If bacteria is not dealt with correctly using specialist closed system water treatment chemicals called biocides, then eventually the entire system may fail… at best its reliability and thermal effectiveness will be compromised.
It is equally important to treat the system correctly.
Some of the chemicals commonly used to treat water can actually become a bacteria foodstuff if it is not added at the right concentration.
There are no hard and fast rules about how often the water sampling of closed systems should be carried out.
The frequency will often depend on the design of the system, whether water quality problems are suspected and its life-cycle stage.
Whatever the type of system (heating, chilled or cooling) or its age, operators should have a detailed plan for the sampling and analysis of the water inside the closed system.
The plan should be reviewed frequently as requirements change.
When preparing a sampling plan for closed system water testing, operators should refer to the guidelines produced by both the British Standards Institute (BSI) and the Building Services Research and Information Association (BSRIA).
Appropriate safety precautions should also be followed during the sampling procedures.
Although you will need someone within the organisation to take the samples of water from the closed system, it is unlikely you will have access to the type of specialist laboratory facilities required to carry-out the range of micro and chemical tests specified by BSRIA 50/2015.
Closed system water analysis of this nature is best carried out by the specialists such as Water Treatment Services.
Once a suitable sampling point has been identified it should be thoroughly flushed before taking any water samples.
The water samples, once collected should be suitably referenced, timed and dated so they can be identified, they should then be sent to the laboratory for analysis.
Once the full suite of water tests has been completed you will receive a report detailing the results.
As part of the sampling process there should also be a system for recording and tracking results to allow for comparison over time.
In addition to closed system testing for bacteria which can corrode heating and cooling systems, our laboratories can also check for legionella, metals and other contaminants where these are of concern.
Contact Water Treatment Services today to find out more about ourBSRIA closed system water testing and laboratory analysis services for the pro-active management of closed heating, chilled and cooling installations.
With offices in London serving the South and South East England, Manchester (North West), Birmingham (Midlands), Bristol (South East England and Wales), Leeds (North and North East) and Glasgow (Scotland), supported by regional teams of specialists we can offer professional, cost effective water treatment solutions across the whole of the UK and Internationally.
Contact us today for more information or for your FREE, no obligation quote.
More information about closed system water treatment services … here →
Controlling boiler blowdown in industrial steam generators is an important process used to manage the build-up of suspended solids and so control the formation of scale, corrosion, and wet steam carryover. In this guide the experts at Water Treatment Services consider the operation of steam generators looking specifically at blowdown, what it is, how it can be used to improve operational performance and energy efficiency, and factors that need to be considered to optimise blowdown rates.
Managing boiler carryover in steam generating systems is an essential engineering process required to maintain steam purity and boiler system performance. In this expert guide the boiler specialists at Water Treatment Services review the management of industrial steam generating systems looking specifically at the impact of carryover, what causes it, why it needs to be managed and how to control it.
Whether plumbing systems are used at home or at work, each winter brings with it sub-zero temperatures and the risk of frozen pipes and the damage that it can bring.
As soon as the mercury in the thermometer dips below zero, there is the possibility that your pipes might freeze, landing you with a big bill for fixing them, and a mess to clear-up when the temperature rises again and they start to thaw out.
This technical troubleshooting guide looks at closed water systems, highlighting the most common problems that affect such closed heating and chilled water systems. The guide examines the problems of scale, corrosion, foaming and the build-up of bacteria and biofilm in closed loops. It also gives guidance on the selection and application of specialist water treatment chemicals designed to tackle specific issues.
This technical water guide looks at the options for closed system water treatment to protect all types of heating, chilled and cooling water systems. It identifies the three main problems that can cause closed water systems to perform poorly or even fail and what can be done to prevent it happening. The guide looks at what these problems are, what causes them and what can be done to control their impact and maintain thermal performance, save energy, reduce maintenance costs and down-time, and extend plant and equipment life-cycles.
This equipment selection guide reviews the use of closed system filters in closed heating and cooling water systems. The guide looks at the different types of filtration system available, why you should be using one, how they work, understanding temperature and pressure considerations, and the benefits this type of closed loop filtration can deliver. Read more →
Recognising the different types of corrosion in water systems, understanding how and why they occur, and their effect on system metallurgy is an essential stage in the development of any effective water treatment programme for the control of corrosion in steam, cooling and closed systems.
Water Treatment Services offer a range of specialist closed system water testing and laboratory analysis solutions to support BSRIA BG 50/2013 standards.
Our water quality analysis solutions cover a comprehensive range of important microbiological, chemical and physical parameters associated with the operation and maintenance of closed heating, chilled and cooling systems.
It is important that the water used in closed systems should be tested at regular intervals.
Checking for bacterial growth and monitoring the internal water chemistry and physical condition of the water can help to ensure that the system is kept under control and operates as it should.
Regular water analysis helps building services engineers, facilities managers and plant operators to identify potentially damaging water conditions that could cause corrosion, the build-up of scale and unwanted bacterial growth before they become problematic.
The full criteria and guidelines for closed system water analysis is established in the BSRIA 50/2013 publication “Water Treatment for Closed Heating and Cooling Systems”.
The main recommendations dealing with water testing in the BSRIA guidelines state that new heating or cooling systems should be tested between one and three months after commissioning.
It also suggests a more frequent schedule of water testing may be suitable during the first six months.
Our specialist laboratory based closed system water testing solutions for closed-loop heating and cooling systems includes:
With offices in London serving the South and South East England, Manchester (North West), Birmingham (Midlands), Bristol (South East England and Wales), Leeds (North and North East) and Glasgow (Scotland), supported by regional teams of specially trained engineers, water treatment service specialists and technicians we can offer professional, cost effective water testing, in-field sampling and laboratory analysis services across the UK and Internationally.
Contact Water Treatment Services today to learn how our professional laboratory analysis solutions can help improve the performance of your closed heating and cooling systems. To speak with one of our experts call us on 0330 223 31 31 or simply use this button.
There are three main components to our BSRIA closed system water analysis solutions and they are microbiological analysis, physical and chemical analysis.
Our comprehensive suite of closed system analysis tests includes for the following:
Microbiological analysis will test for bacteria commonly found in closed systems, and which can cause problems if left to proliferate.
Chemical analysis of the water in closed systems involves an examination of the levels of various parameters of the system water including metals and other substances.
We will also review a number of key physical parameters as part of our investigations.
Tests include a visual inspection of the water, checking pH levels, and analysing the concentrations of minerals such as copper, iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, phosphates, silicates, potassium, aluminium and sodium.
Other tests can be carried out as required.
When a new heating or cooling system is first charged, the water used for filling the tanks will usually be taken directly from the mains water supply.
Therefore, the closed system will contain the same levels of bacteria and minerals as are found in mains water.
These levels, particularly the mineral components are not the same across the country and will depend on both geography and where the water is drawn from.
Additionally, the expected levels of bacteria in mains water can typically be anywhere between 10 and 100 cfu per ml of water.
There are many different types of bacteria found in mains water. Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Citrobacter might be found but are very unlikely to live and grow within a closed system.
However, as they die off, they can provide a food source for other types of bacteria.
Other species of bacteria which might cause problems in closed heating and cooling systems include Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acineobacter and Aeromonas.
These types of bacteria rarely grow into sufficient numbers to cause problems in a drinking water supply.
However, in a closed system they can quickly form slime and cause biofilm to form on internal system surfaces including pipework, pumps and heat exchangers.
Iron, sulphite oxidising bacteria and sulphite reducing bacteria are also sometimes present in mains water.
Iron bacteria feeds off anything ferrous, and can be a cause of corrosion.
Red, orange or yellow coloured water is often a clear sign that iron bacteria is present.
A black slime in the system is a signal that sulphite oxidising bacteria are present. If a foul smell is present in addition to the slime, the problem may be sulphite reducing bacteria.
This type of bacteria is highly corrosive and can cause serious damage.
When a new closed system is first commissioned and brought in to service, slime or biofilm forming bacteria is often the first type to take root.
It can coat surfaces with layers of biofilm, which then provide a “hide-out” for other bacteria to start to grow too.
Soon, as the bacteria begins to build-up it will start to have an impact on the thermal efficiency and general operation of the closed heating or cooling system.
The layers of bacteria act as an insulation restricting heat transfer efficiencies and also affect the hydrology.
If the biofilm is allowed to grow unchecked, the oxygen levels within the system will become depleted.
This in turn allows the growth of potentially damaging bacteria which don’t need oxygen to thrive, such as the sulphite reducing bacteria (SRB).
If water levels in a closed system need to be occasionally topped up with water from an open header tank, then the number of bacteria can be even higher.
This is due to the way in which the water is being stored.
If bacteria is not dealt with correctly using specialist closed system water treatment chemicals called biocides, then eventually the entire system may fail… at best its reliability and thermal effectiveness will be compromised.
It is equally important to treat the system correctly.
Some of the chemicals commonly used to treat water can actually become a bacteria foodstuff if it is not added at the right concentration.
There are no hard and fast rules about how often the water sampling of closed systems should be carried out.
The frequency will often depend on the design of the system, whether water quality problems are suspected and its life-cycle stage.
Whatever the type of system (heating, chilled or cooling) or its age, operators should have a detailed plan for the sampling and analysis of the water inside the closed system.
The plan should be reviewed frequently as requirements change.
When preparing a sampling plan for closed system water testing, operators should refer to the guidelines produced by both the British Standards Institute (BSI) and the Building Services Research and Information Association (BSRIA).
Appropriate safety precautions should also be followed during the sampling procedures.
Although you will need someone within the organisation to take the samples of water from the closed system, it is unlikely you will have access to the type of specialist laboratory facilities required to carry-out the range of micro and chemical tests specified by BSRIA 50/2015.
Closed system water analysis of this nature is best carried out by the specialists such as Water Treatment Services.
Once a suitable sampling point has been identified it should be thoroughly flushed before taking any water samples.
The water samples, once collected should be suitably referenced, timed and dated so they can be identified, they should then be sent to the laboratory for analysis.
Once the full suite of water tests has been completed you will receive a report detailing the results.
As part of the sampling process there should also be a system for recording and tracking results to allow for comparison over time.
In addition to closed system testing for bacteria which can corrode heating and cooling systems, our laboratories can also check for legionella, metals and other contaminants where these are of concern.
Contact Water Treatment Services today to find out more about ourBSRIA closed system water testing and laboratory analysis services for the pro-active management of closed heating, chilled and cooling installations.
With offices in London serving the South and South East England, Manchester (North West), Birmingham (Midlands), Bristol (South East England and Wales), Leeds (North and North East) and Glasgow (Scotland), supported by regional teams of specialists we can offer professional, cost effective water treatment solutions across the whole of the UK and Internationally.
Contact us today for more information or for your FREE, no obligation quote.
More information about closed system water treatment services … here →
Whether plumbing systems are used at home or at work, each winter brings with it sub-zero temperatures and the risk of frozen pipes and the damage that it can bring.
As soon as the mercury in the thermometer dips below zero, there is the possibility that your pipes might freeze, landing you with a big bill for fixing them, and a mess to clear-up when the temperature rises again and they start to thaw out.
This technical troubleshooting guide looks at closed water systems, highlighting the most common problems that affect such closed heating and chilled water systems. The guide examines the problems of scale, corrosion, foaming and the build-up of bacteria and biofilm in closed loops. It also gives guidance on the selection and application of specialist water treatment chemicals designed to tackle specific issues.
This technical water guide looks at the options for closed system water treatment to protect all types of heating, chilled and cooling water systems. It identifies the three main problems that can cause closed water systems to perform poorly or even fail and what can be done to prevent it happening. The guide looks at what these problems are, what causes them and what can be done to control their impact and maintain thermal performance, save energy, reduce maintenance costs and down-time, and extend plant and equipment life-cycles.
This equipment selection guide reviews the use of closed system filters in closed heating and cooling water systems. The guide looks at the different types of filtration system available, why you should be using one, how they work, understanding temperature and pressure considerations, and the benefits this type of closed loop filtration can deliver. Read more →
Recognising the different types of corrosion in water systems, understanding how and why they occur, and their effect on system metallurgy is an essential stage in the development of any effective water treatment programme for the control of corrosion in steam, cooling and closed systems.
Water Treatment Services offer a range of specialist closed system water testing and laboratory analysis solutions to support BSRIA BG 50/2013 standards.
Our water quality analysis solutions cover a comprehensive range of important microbiological, chemical and physical parameters associated with the operation and maintenance of closed heating, chilled and cooling systems.
It is important that the water used in closed systems should be tested at regular intervals.
Checking for bacterial growth and monitoring the internal water chemistry and physical condition of the water can help to ensure that the system is kept under control and operates as it should.
Regular water analysis helps building services engineers, facilities managers and plant operators to identify potentially damaging water conditions that could cause corrosion, the build-up of scale and unwanted bacterial growth before they become problematic.
The full criteria and guidelines for closed system water analysis is established in the BSRIA 50/2013 publication “Water Treatment for Closed Heating and Cooling Systems”.
The main recommendations dealing with water testing in the BSRIA guidelines state that new heating or cooling systems should be tested between one and three months after commissioning.
It also suggests a more frequent schedule of water testing may be suitable during the first six months.
Our specialist laboratory based closed system water testing solutions for closed-loop heating and cooling systems includes:
With offices in London serving the South and South East England, Manchester (North West), Birmingham (Midlands), Bristol (South East England and Wales), Leeds (North and North East) and Glasgow (Scotland), supported by regional teams of specially trained engineers, water treatment service specialists and technicians we can offer professional, cost effective water testing, in-field sampling and laboratory analysis services across the UK and Internationally.
Contact Water Treatment Services today to learn how our professional laboratory analysis solutions can help improve the performance of your closed heating and cooling systems. To speak with one of our experts call us on 0330 223 31 31 or simply use this button.
There are three main components to our BSRIA closed system water analysis solutions and they are microbiological analysis, physical and chemical analysis.
Our comprehensive suite of closed system analysis tests includes for the following:
Microbiological analysis will test for bacteria commonly found in closed systems, and which can cause problems if left to proliferate.
Chemical analysis of the water in closed systems involves an examination of the levels of various parameters of the system water including metals and other substances.
We will also review a number of key physical parameters as part of our investigations.
Tests include a visual inspection of the water, checking pH levels, and analysing the concentrations of minerals such as copper, iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, phosphates, silicates, potassium, aluminium and sodium.
Other tests can be carried out as required.
When a new heating or cooling system is first charged, the water used for filling the tanks will usually be taken directly from the mains water supply.
Therefore, the closed system will contain the same levels of bacteria and minerals as are found in mains water.
These levels, particularly the mineral components are not the same across the country and will depend on both geography and where the water is drawn from.
Additionally, the expected levels of bacteria in mains water can typically be anywhere between 10 and 100 cfu per ml of water.
There are many different types of bacteria found in mains water. Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Citrobacter might be found but are very unlikely to live and grow within a closed system.
However, as they die off, they can provide a food source for other types of bacteria.
Other species of bacteria which might cause problems in closed heating and cooling systems include Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acineobacter and Aeromonas.
These types of bacteria rarely grow into sufficient numbers to cause problems in a drinking water supply.
However, in a closed system they can quickly form slime and cause biofilm to form on internal system surfaces including pipework, pumps and heat exchangers.
Iron, sulphite oxidising bacteria and sulphite reducing bacteria are also sometimes present in mains water.
Iron bacteria feeds off anything ferrous, and can be a cause of corrosion.
Red, orange or yellow coloured water is often a clear sign that iron bacteria is present.
A black slime in the system is a signal that sulphite oxidising bacteria are present. If a foul smell is present in addition to the slime, the problem may be sulphite reducing bacteria.
This type of bacteria is highly corrosive and can cause serious damage.
When a new closed system is first commissioned and brought in to service, slime or biofilm forming bacteria is often the first type to take root.
It can coat surfaces with layers of biofilm, which then provide a “hide-out” for other bacteria to start to grow too.
Soon, as the bacteria begins to build-up it will start to have an impact on the thermal efficiency and general operation of the closed heating or cooling system.
The layers of bacteria act as an insulation restricting heat transfer efficiencies and also affect the hydrology.
If the biofilm is allowed to grow unchecked, the oxygen levels within the system will become depleted.
This in turn allows the growth of potentially damaging bacteria which don’t need oxygen to thrive, such as the sulphite reducing bacteria (SRB).
If water levels in a closed system need to be occasionally topped up with water from an open header tank, then the number of bacteria can be even higher.
This is due to the way in which the water is being stored.
If bacteria is not dealt with correctly using specialist closed system water treatment chemicals called biocides, then eventually the entire system may fail… at best its reliability and thermal effectiveness will be compromised.
It is equally important to treat the system correctly.
Some of the chemicals commonly used to treat water can actually become a bacteria foodstuff if it is not added at the right concentration.
There are no hard and fast rules about how often the water sampling of closed systems should be carried out.
The frequency will often depend on the design of the system, whether water quality problems are suspected and its life-cycle stage.
Whatever the type of system (heating, chilled or cooling) or its age, operators should have a detailed plan for the sampling and analysis of the water inside the closed system.
The plan should be reviewed frequently as requirements change.
When preparing a sampling plan for closed system water testing, operators should refer to the guidelines produced by both the British Standards Institute (BSI) and the Building Services Research and Information Association (BSRIA).
Appropriate safety precautions should also be followed during the sampling procedures.
Although you will need someone within the organisation to take the samples of water from the closed system, it is unlikely you will have access to the type of specialist laboratory facilities required to carry-out the range of micro and chemical tests specified by BSRIA 50/2015.
Closed system water analysis of this nature is best carried out by the specialists such as Water Treatment Services.
Once a suitable sampling point has been identified it should be thoroughly flushed before taking any water samples.
The water samples, once collected should be suitably referenced, timed and dated so they can be identified, they should then be sent to the laboratory for analysis.
Once the full suite of water tests has been completed you will receive a report detailing the results.
As part of the sampling process there should also be a system for recording and tracking results to allow for comparison over time.
In addition to closed system testing for bacteria which can corrode heating and cooling systems, our laboratories can also check for legionella, metals and other contaminants where these are of concern.
Contact Water Treatment Services today to find out more about ourBSRIA closed system water testing and laboratory analysis services for the pro-active management of closed heating, chilled and cooling installations.
With offices in London serving the South and South East England, Manchester (North West), Birmingham (Midlands), Bristol (South East England and Wales), Leeds (North and North East) and Glasgow (Scotland), supported by regional teams of specialists we can offer professional, cost effective water treatment solutions across the whole of the UK and Internationally.
Contact us today for more information or for your FREE, no obligation quote.
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